Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited Essay Example For Students

Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited Essay Flawless PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Summer Training TITLE: Analysis of budget report In halfway satisfaction of the Requirements for the honor of Degree of Master of Business Administration Submitted by: Sweta kumari 10904523 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PHAGWARA Certificate by the Guide Certificate that this paper depends on a unique task concentrate by sweta kumara under my direction. This has not framed nuts and bolts for the honor of any Degree/Diploma by any college. Spot : Phagwara(Punjab) Guide Signature (Mr. Harendra ) Student Declaration I proclaim that the task named ‘ ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT’is a unique venture done by me and no piece of the undertaking is taken from some other venture or materials distributed or in any case or submitted before to some other Collage or college. Understudy Signature Acknowledgment I accept this open door to introduce my statements of gratitude to each one of those guidepost who truly went about as helping columns to illuminate our way all through this undertaking has prompted fruitful and good culmination of this investigation. We will compose a custom article on Summer Training Report on Delhi Transco Limited explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We are extremely appreciative to our guide MR. HARENDRA sir for furnishing us with a chance to embrace this task in this college and giving all of us the offices. We are profoundly appreciative to Mr. D. N. SONDHI and Mr. R. P. AGRAWAL and Mr. D. K. Mishra for there dynamic help, important time and exhortation, entire hearted direction, genuine participation and torments taking inclusion during the examination and in finishing the task of setting up the said venture inside the time specified. Finally, We are grateful to every one of those, especially the different companions , who have been instrumental in making appropriate, solid and conductive condition and including new and new imaginative thoughts for us during the undertaking, their assistance, it would have been amazingly hard for us to set up the task in a period bound structure. Rundown of Content †¢ Introduction 1. Presentation Of Company 2. Presentation Of Topic †¢ Research Objectives †¢ Methodology of information assortment and apparatuses †¢ Limitations †¢ Analysis and understanding of information Findings †¢ Conclusion †¢ References LOGO OF DELHI TRANSCO LTD. Official SUMMARY: The task title’ ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT’ is picked by me for my undertaking in Delhi Transco restricted. A financial plan is an archive that makes an interpretation of plans into cash that should be spent to complete your arranged exercises (consumption) and cash that should be c reated to take care of the expenses of completing the work (salary). It is a gauge, or educated theory, about what you will require in fiscal terms to accomplish your work. The financial plan is a fundamental administration instrument. for my undertaking report I have taken endorsed spending plan of this specific organization for most recent multi year 2008-09 and 2009-2010. for this reason I have made these strides 1. Chosen endorsed asset report of both the most recent year 2. At that point chosen office shrewd endorsed financial plan. 3. At that point chosen income articulation 4. At that point chosen salary explanation 5. Right off the bat I have determined fluctuation and rate change in difference 6. Examine the results of the above counts. Presentation Electricity assumes an essential job in our everyday life. It controls our homes, businesses, clinics and in certainty our whole economy. Electricityâ (from the New Latinâ electricus, golden like) is a general term that incorporates an assortment of wonders coming about because of the nearness and stream ofâ electric charge. At the point when we think about power, we as a rule consider electric force, and that is the means by which well utilize the term here. Power is vitality, and vitality can accomplish work. Electric force, power, is utilized to get things done for us, and no advanced society exists without it. Power is produced at places where it is efficient and worthwhile to do as such, and is moved to spots of utilization through the force lattice. Verifiably the advanced power industry utility framework was first acquainted with the world on the opening of Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Electricity Generating Station on September fourth, 1882 at New York (United States of America). To the extent that Delhi is concerned, the position is that according to accessible records, the main diesel Power Station was built up in Delhi in the year 1905 when private English Company by name M/s. John Fleming was allowed to produce power under the arrangements of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The previously mentioned Company was given the duty both of age and appropriation of intensity in a constrained way. That Company subsequent to getting permit nder the arrangements of Electricity Act 1903 had set up a little 2 MW Diesel set at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later on, this very Company was changed over as Delhi Electricity Supply and Traction Company. In the Year 1911, the force age was increased by Steam Generation Station. In the year 1932, the administration of Central Power House was given over to New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC). In the field of intensity age and dispersion, an amazing advancement was accomplished in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power Author ity (DCEPA) was built up. This Company was answerable for the gracefully of capacity to the territories secured by Local Bodies, to be specific, the Municipal Committees of Delhi, West Delhi and South Delhi, the Notified Area Committees of Red fort, Civil Lines, Mehrauli, Najaf Garh, and the District Board of Delhi. The flexibly of power to the Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the Notified Area of Narela was finished by various private offices. In 1947 DCEPA assumed control over a Private Limited Company by name Delhi electric Supply footing Company Limited. Declaration of Electricity (Supply)Act 1948:-  In the year 1948,â power (Supply) Act 1948 came into power, which between alia providedâ for the constitution of a power Board in the States that was to work as a vertically incorporated power utility in the whole State, undertaking all the elements of exercises identified with power, which included power age, transmission, dispersion, supply,â arranging coordination and furthermore was to go about as administrative expert for doing different capacities coincidental and auxiliary thereto. As it were, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 was qualified for become a monopolistic endeavor in the field of power control by an instrument of the state and not by private part. The essential goal behind the above arrangement choice of the Government of India in accommodating the constitution of State power to all, especially in semi-urban and country zones on the grounds that till then the accessibility of power was kept to urban regions and was for the most part served by private power dissemination licenses gave under the Indian power Act 1910. Arrangement of Delhi State Electricity Board: In compatibility of the arrangements of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, in Delhi, in the year 1951 the Delhi State Electricity Board (DSEB) appeared and the duty of age and circulation of power was taken over by DSEB from DCEPA. The whole staff of DCEPA and different organizations was consumed by DSEB under the current terms states of administration. Arrangement of Delhi Electric Supply undertaking by declaration of DMC Act 1957:-  â After the proclamation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, the DSEB was broken down and the elements of DSEB were taken over by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), which appeared in 1958. After the development DESU, the age and circulation of power to all the regions of Delhi went under DESU and the workers of recent DSEB were additionally consumed by DESU. Constitution of Delhi Vidyut Board:  â The Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi vide warning No. F. 11 (10)/92-LSG/PF (II) dated 24. 02. 1997, gave under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, comprised a different Electricity Board, I. e. the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w. e. f. 24. 02. 1997 with the end goal of age and circulation of capacity to the whole are of NCT of Delhi aside from the territories falling inside the purview of NDMC and Delhi Cantonment Board. Down to earth challenges in the working of Delhi Vidyut Board:-  â The exercises of Delhi Vidyut Board from its initiation, and in actuality even earlier thereto when the exercises were being attempted by DESU, were not monetarily feasible by virtue of a few components influencing the power business remembering the elevated level of misfortunes for the framework and the incomes being not ready to meet the expense with result that like other State power Boards, Delhi vidyut Board endured working deficiency in total to the tune of Rs. 2,386. 72 crore during the period from 1995-96 to 2000-01. Also the Delhi Vidyut Board was required to make sufficient arrangement for awful and dicey obligations. The combined impact of every one of these elements was that the Delhi Vidyut Board was not in a situation to meet its monetary commitments and duties including the installment for power bought from age companiesâ and providers, such NTPC Limited,â Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, national Hydroelectric Corporation Limited,etc. Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board in six elements:  â In the ongoing for lightening the worries of customers in the force part, a few changes began picking up energy. That very way so as to protect the general interests of the buyers GNCTD accepting some strategy activities as because of which DVB was part into six Companies, viz. ,Â

Americans Motivation to Work Essay -- Labor Supply Economics

American's Motivation to Work Most of Americans get up every morning and go to work so as to procure cash. Be that as it may, what are the genuine helpers for working and where do they originated from? How pay rates and different types of pay influence the amount of work provided to the market? This exposition will talk about how work impacts the economy. Every individual working assumes a job in the public eye and creation yield. These are regions that should be tended to when the flexibly of work is being talked about. The inspiration to work emerges from an assortment of social, mental and monetary powers. Individuals need salary to take care of their tabs, feel that they have a job in the public arena and furthermore feel a feeling of acheivement. In spite of the fact that there is consistently a decision, that isn't working and not getting paid. Individuals pick among work and recreation as per the percieved prizes of each. The negligible utility of work mirrors the satisifaction to be picked up from included salary, just as any immediate delight a vocation may give. A laborer contrasts these fulfillments and those of recreation and picks the one that yeilds the best utility for accessible time and pay rates. As it might appear obvisous to a few, the more a specialist gets paid, the greater consolation that laborer needs to work more hours and produce more yield. Along these lines, higher wages may expand the negligible utility of an hour's work, this being a substitiute for work. Be that as it may, it can likewise have the contrary impact. This being if a wor...

Payday Loans vs Pawnshop Loans - OppLoans

Payday Loans vs Pawnshop Loans - OppLoans Payday Loans vs Pawnshop Loans Payday Loans vs Pawnshop LoansInside Subprime: Dec 10, 2018By Jessica EastoWe recently looked at the similarities and differences between payday loans and title loans. Now lets look at pawnshop loans, another option that is frequently marketed to people who need cash quick and can’t go through traditional lending channels.Remember, payday loans and title loans are forms of predatory lendingâ€"the kind that uses questionable tactics and unfair terms to bleed vulnerable populations of billions of dollars each year. Although most states have laws that regular pawnshop loans, not all pawnshop brokers follow them, and this type of lending frequently falls into the predatory camp as well.The good newsâ€"if you can call it thatâ€"is that pawnshop loans are less toxic than payday loans and title loans. The bad news is they are still risky, costly, and are unlikely to solve your financial problems.Pawnshop loans require you to put up something you own as collateral. The amount you receive d epends on the value of your possessions. However, the pawnshop broker is not going to offer a loan equal to the full value of your propertyâ€"he’s only going to offer a fraction of it. According to NOLO, the average amount of a pawnshop loan is $75 to $100. Payday loans tend to offer a bit more, with many states capping payday loan principals at $500, and you don’t need to put anything up for collateral.From there, the pawnshop owner will tell you what your fees are (they frequently don’t talk in terms of annual percentage rates [APR]) and other terms, such as your repayment schedule. Compared to payday loansâ€"which commonly have APRs of 300 to 400 percent or moreâ€"pawnshop loans have relatively low APRs. An average monthly interest rate is 10 percent, which works out to an APR of 120 percent (although they can be much higher, depending on your states regulations.) Usually, pawnshop loans have repayment terms that range from one to a few months.Imagine you are putting up you r $700 computer as collateral, and after it was valued and assessed by the pawnbroker, you walked out of the shop with a $100 loan. Even if you pay it back only one month later, your total charge would be $110, which means you technically now paid $810 for your computer.But what if you can’t repay the loan? This is where pawnshop loans are a bit less risky than payday loans. If you can’t repay a pawnshop loan, the pawnshop keeps the property you left as collateral. That’s really the only thing you lose; there is no legal requirement to repay pawnshop loans, so your credit is not affected.If you can’t repay a payday loan, however, it can hurt your credit, overdraw your bank account, incite calls from the debt collector, and even cause your wages to be garnished. Additionally, payday lenders frequently allow borrowers to rollover their debt. This gives you more time to pay back the loan, but it also adds interest and fees, which increases your debt. This can happen over and ov er again, snaring you in a debt trap that is difficult to get out of.The takeaway? Pawnshop loans are less risky than payday loans, but they aren’t the best option. Learn more about avoiding cash advance scams and alternatives to costly storefront loans.For more information on payday loans, scams,  cash advances, and  title loans,  check out our state financial guides  including, Illinois, Texas, Florida and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Testing Your Perl Installation

In order to test our fresh installation of Perl, well need a simple Perl program. The first thing most new programmers learn is how to make the script say Hello World. Lets look at a simple Perl script that does just that. #!/usr/bin/perl print Hello World.\n; The first line is there to tell the computer where the Perl interpreter is located. Perl is an interpreted language, which means that rather than compiling our programs, we use the Perl interpreter to run them. This first line is usually #!/usr/bin/perl or #!/usr/local/bin/perl, but depends on how Perl was installed on your system. The second line tells the Perl interpreter to print the words Hello World. followed by a newline (a carriage return). If our Perl installation is working correctly, then when we run the program, we should see the following output: Hello World. Testing your Perl installation is different depending on the type of system you are using, but well take a look at the two most common situations: Testing Perl on Windows  (ActivePerl)Testing Perl on *nix Systems The first thing youll want to do is make sure youve followed the  ActivePerl Installation tutorial  and installed ActivePerl and the Perl Package Manager on your machine. Next, create a folder on your C: drive to store your scripts in -- for the sake of the tutorial, well call this folder  perlscripts. Copy the Hello World program into C:\perlscripts\ and make sure the filename is  hello.pl. Getting a Windows Command Prompt Now we need to get to a Windows command prompt. Do this by clicking on the  Start  menu and selecting the item  Run.... This will pop up the run screen that contains the  Open:  line. From here, just type  cmd  into the  Open:  field and press the  Enter  key. This will open (yet another) window which is our Windows command prompt. You should see something like this: Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600] (C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp. C:\Documents and Settings\perlguide\Desktop We need to change to the directory (cd) that contains our Perl scripts by typing in the following command: cd c:\perlscripts That should make our prompt reflect the change in the path like so: C:\perlscripts Now that were in the same directory as the script, we can run it simply by typing its name at the command prompt: hello.pl If Perl is installed and running correctly, it should output the phrase Hello World., and then return you to the Windows command prompt. An alternate method of testing your Perl installation is by running the interpreter itself with the  -v  flag: perl -v If the Perl interpreter is working correctly, this should output quite a bit of information, including the current version of Perl you are running. Testing Your Installation If you are using a school or work Unix / Linux server, chances are Perl is already installed and running -- when in doubt, just ask your system administrator or technical staff. There are a few ways we can test our installation, but first, you will need to complete two preliminary steps.​ First, you must copy your Hello World program to your home directory. This is usually accomplished via FTP.   Once your script has been copied to your server, you will need to get to a  shell prompt  on the machine, usually via SSH. When you have reached the command prompt, you can change into your  home  directory by typing the following command: cd ~ Once there, testing your Perl installation is very similar to testing on a windows system with one extra step. In order to  execute  the program, you must first tell the operating system that the file is OK to execute. This is done by setting the permissions on the script so that anyone can execute it. You can do this by using the  chmod  command: chmod 755 hello.pl Once youve set the permissions, you can then execute the script by simply typing its name. hello.pl If that doesnt work, you might not have your home directory in your current path. As long as you are in the same directory as the script, you can tell the operating system to run the program (in the current directory) like so: ./hello.pl If Perl is installed and running correctly, it should output the phrase Hello World., and then return you to the Windows command prompt. An alternate method of testing your Perl installation is by running the interpreter itself with the  -v  flag: perl -v If the Perl interpreter is working correctly, this should output quite a bit of information, including the current version of Perl you are running.

The Case Of Nancy Troy And Her Family - 1683 Words

The case of Nancy Troy and her family is undoubtedly complex and will necessitate a clinician with the ability to evaluate and address multiple dimensions of Nancy Troy and her family s lives. It will be critical for a social worker to assess the family structure, the impact of violence, trauma, mental illness, and substance abuse, and finally, cultural considerations in order to address all the needs and areas of improvement presented by the Troy family. Family Structure There are several concerns and potentially problematic issues within the Troy family related to family structure that could be impeding on family functioning. Family structure, according to Goldberg and Goldberg (2008) provides a framework for understanding†¦show more content†¦From a structural therapy perspective, it would be important to work on re/defining and restructuring the family so that it can operate in a more functional and healthy way. Clarifying and defining the boundaries between Nancy and her children, particularly Sarah, will be critical in trying to erode the enmeshment that is currently occurring. These treatment goals might be more difficult to achieve with Melanie and Amy considering they are currently living with their great grandmother; however, effort on the social workers part should still be made. Trauma and Violence Nancy, both as a child and as an adult, as well as her children, have experienced significant trauma and possibly family violence. Most likely, some of the most significant experiences Nancy faced were the unexpected loss of her mother, sporadic homelessness, and constant change of her home environment. The death of Nancy s mother would have been a significant life transition for her. Increasing that impact of her mother s death is the actuality that Nancy was left as the only female in the family system, perhaps leaving her feeling like she had to fulfill the role of her mother. A study conducted by Case and Ardington (2006) found that paternal death, particularly maternal death, was a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans were significantly less likely to be enrolled in school andShow MoreRelatedSports, Crime, And Money : Athletes Gone Wrong776 Words   |  4 Pagesits victim. Credibility: My whole life I have been a daughter and granddaughter of police officers. I am also a member of the Marion County Domestic Violence Task Force. So I have seen firsthand of how domestic violence affects a person and their family. II. 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Joyce Carol OatessWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been

Fiction Analysis Paper: Where are you going, where have you been? Joyce Carol Oates’s Where are you going, where have you been? is a post-modernist story. The primary theme is childhood versus adulthood. The story explores Connie’s, the main character’s, ambivalence about adulthood. The plot of the story builds the theme. Throughout the story, Connie believes that she is playing 2 personas. One that is child-like, and innocent, and another that is lascivious and â€Å"adult-like† to the extent that she knows adultness. In the beginning, she is undoubtedly convinced that she wants adulthood; however, she doesn’t understand all the implications, and she becomes ambivalent when faced with the reality of adulthood, personified by the character†¦show more content†¦It’s safe to say that Connie’s conception of adulthood also includes a notion of â€Å"independence,† separate from her family, but accompanied by a male admirer. June’s personality and interests foil with Connie’s and their mother’s constant comparisons cause Connie to resent June, and because June lives with them, this also likely attests to her desire for pseudo-adulthood. Her father is completely uninvolved, and because Connie specificall y lacks the love of and closeness with her father, the pseudo-Freudian approach suggests that this could have a direct influence on her quest for pseudo-adulthood, which I defined as consisting of male attention, and her conception of independence. Now straying from her family, I’ll explain Eddie’s significance to the theme. Eddie gives the reader better insight into Connie’s character. The time Connie spends with Eddie in the alley shows the reader that her understanding of adulthood is lacking, and that she is just teetering around the line between childhood and adulthood, but keeping one foot neatly planted on childhood’s side. This becomes more obvious later in the story, once she encounters Arnold Fiend. Those 3 hours had to have been spent engaging in what was considered â€Å"adult-like,† but not quite adult. A lot couldn’t have happened, and the 2Show MoreRelatedJoyce Carol OatessWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1554 Words   |  7 PagesMystical voices of unity and liberty filled the youths spirits in the 1960’s, sparking what may have been America’s â€Å"golden ages†. For baby boomers, however, the new generation was being poisoned by talks of rebellion and uprising. Joyce Carol Oates, the author of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†, begins by introducing Connie, a stereotypical 15 year-old in the 1960’s, who voices the arrogance of the youth. Connie’s passion for glancing at every reflective surface she passes by, her attempts

Potential Risks of computerized information system

Questions: 1.What is the Potential Impact of Each Risk to Fruito? 2.Recommend Which Internal Controls should be implemented by Fruito.How do these Controls Mitigate the risks you have Identified? 3.Prepare a Summary of your Findings for the CFO. Answers: Introduction The report has been made for Frutio for understanding the concept of computerized information system for the accounting operations of the company. The report would highlight the risks faced while using the information system, their impact on the business structure and provide mitigation strategies for managing the information system of the company. 1. Potential Risks of computerized information system The potential risks of the computerized information system for accounting operations of Frutio are intentional and non intentional entry of wrong data, accidental loss of data and information, unauthorized access, natural disaster, computer viruses, theft of data, and interception of process (Schneider et al., 2014). They have been explained below: Intentional and non intentional entry of wrong data: The primary issue made by person involved for entering the data about the stock ordered or delivered in the organization (Willcocks, 2013). The wrong data entered by the person in charge of the information system can be accidental and deliberate too. Accidental Deletion of data and information: The data and information of the fruits and vegetable can be lost due to the some technical issues (Li, 2014). It is possible that the file containing the data gets corrupted and deleted during the operations of the organization. Unauthorized access: The information system runs on virtual security system and it can be accessed using right means of the technology (Schneider et al., 2014). The system is prone to get hacked into for infiltrating information like name of suppliers and customers of the company. Natural disaster: The natural disaster is the most uncalled system failure that can happen any time without any consent (Willcocks, 2013). The natural disaster includes data lost by fire or any breakage. It happens without anyones initiation. Computer viruses: The computer viruses, malware, and Trojans are responsible for malfunctioning of the computerized systems (Li, 2014). It would hinder the processing of the information system for the stock information input. Theft of data: The theft of data is an external issue and it is caused by any way extracting information from the system. The rivals and competitors can extract the data from the information system using methods of hacking and phishing. Interception of process: The process of the information inputting into the system can be intercepted from outside and the result of the process would be halting of the process of data storage. Potential Impact of risks The impact of the risk factors like intentional and non intentional entry of wrong data, accidental loss of data and information, unauthorized access, natural disaster, computer viruses, theft of data, and interception of process have been explained below in the table: Risk Factors Potential Impact on the company Intentional And Non Intentional Entry Of Wrong Data Wrong data is entered Overall calculation of stock is miscalculated Accidental Deletion Of Data And Information No information for stock inventory is present Final Balance and accounts book cannot be prepared Unauthorized Access Data and information can be modified Extraction of the data from the database would result in violation of privacy (Covello Merkhoher, 2013) Natural Disaster Loss of important data and information Re-entering of the data set Computer Viruses Slowing the processing of the system Malfunctioning of the computer system Theft Of Data Misuse of the data by rival competitors Loss of customers contact information Interception Of Process Not being able to complete the data processing Growth in customers dissatisfaction due to issues in service (Joyce et al., 2016) Table 1: Risk Assessment Factors (Source: Goble Bier, 2013, pp-1950) 2.. Recommended Internal Controls and their mitigation on risks Each of the risk factors mentioned in the report have to be dealt for making sure that the information system processing for the accounting data can be done successfully (Mehta et al., 2014). The risk mitigation strategies and their operations on the risks are given below: Risk factor Risk Mitigation Control Function of the risk mitigation control Intentional And Non Intentional Entry Of Wrong Data Double Checking the data entered Wrong entered value would be detected and corrected Employing a supervisor for cross checking the data entered by the employee Wrong entered value would be detected and corrected, the employee should be dealt with Accidental Deletion Of Data And Information Keeping the data stored in a recovery platform The data deleted can be recovered Information system design should prompt permission before deleting any file The deletion of data by mistake can be avoided Unauthorized Access Password for accessing into the system No one can access the information system without the password Limiting the users into the password Chances of password being shared would become minimum Natural Disaster Data backup should be kept Data would be stored in a separate platform System should be made with auto recovery option System would be able to retrieve data automatically Computer Viruses Antivirus should be used in the system Detection and Deletion of virus and other Trojans Untrusted sites and server should not be accessed No scope for malware to inflict into the system Theft Of Data Data theft detection software must be used Theft of data can be stopped and halted Data should be encrypted Even the theft data could not be misused Interception Of Process Troubleshooting for detecting any hindrance in the process Interception can be dealt and process can be continued Process Recovery options The stopped process can be restarted with the system reboot Table 2: Risk Mitigation Strategies (Source: Prasannakumar, 2012, pp-212) 3. Summary of the report The potential risks for the information system are intentional and non intentional entry of wrong data, accidental loss of data and information, unauthorized access, natural disaster, computer viruses, theft of data, and interception of process and they can affect the processes of the organization by slowing, hindering, halting, data theft and economically bringing loss to the organization. The use of risk mitigation techniques like backup and recovery, security system, troubleshooting option, and antivirus would be helpful for supporting the information system of the organization. The tabular representation of the findings of the report has been given below: Findings Description Risk factors for Fruito The risk factors for the information system of Fruito are intentional and non intentional entry of wrong data, accidental deletion of data and information, unauthorized access, natural disaster, computer viruses, theft of data, and interception of process Impact of risk factors on the operations of Fruito The impacts of the risk factors on the operations of Fruito are wrong calculation of stock, no information for stock inventory, extraction of the data, result in violation of privacy, loss of important data and information, slowing and malfunctioning of the computer system, misuse of the data, and loss of customer. Risk Mitigation Strategies for Fruito The risk mitigation strategies include employment of a supervisor for cross checking, password for accessing into the system, data backup and auto recovery option, use of antivirus, not assessment of non-trusted sites and server, encryption of data, and provision for troubleshooting. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that the use of above mentioned risk mitigation methods are very useful for dealing with the issues of risk factors in the organization of Fruito. The methods shown in the report would help in forming the appropriate information system solution for the organization. References Covello, V. T., Merkhoher, M. W. (2013).Risk assessment methods: approaches for assessing health and environmental risks. Springer Science Business Media. Goble, R., Bier, V. M. (2013). Risk Assessment Can Be a Game?Changing Information TechnologyBut Too Often It Isn't.Risk Analysis,33(11), 1942-1951. Joyce, D. L., Li, Z., Edwards, L. B., Kobashigawa, J. A., Daly, R. C. (2016). Predicting One-Year Cardiac Transplant Survival Using a Donor/Recipient Risk Assessment Tool.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,35(4), S58-S59. Li, W. (2014).Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons. Mehta, H., Goedvalk, C., Barber, R. (2014). INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER RELATED THROMBOSIS IN PICU AND DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,15(4_suppl), 125. Prasannakumar, V., Vijith, H., Abinod, S., Geetha, N. (2012). Estimation of soil erosion risk within a small mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala, India, using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and geo-information technology.Geoscience Frontiers,3(2), 209-215. Schneider, E. C., Ridgely, M. S., Meeker, D., Hunter, L. E., Khodyakov, D., Rudin, R., ... Harpel, J. (2014). Promoting patient safety through effective Health Information Technology risk management.Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Willcocks, L. (2013).Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer

Total Quality Management Essays (1420 words) - Quality Management

Total Quality Management The emergence of the global marketplace demands that a company act on a global scale to be competitive. Competing on this level requires that a company provide a superior product and superior service. Companies desiring to achieve international quality status now have a manufacturing, quality control, and documentation standard in which to strive. ISO 9000 is the implemented international process management baseline for which all participating organizations will adhere. Standardization appears to be the key to survival in today's domestic and international marketplace. Consumers and businesses alike demand the assurances that the products they purchase from one company are equal in quality to the product they purchase from another. Consumers also demand that every product they purchase from a particular company meet the same specifications as the next. The key to developing this uniformity of standards and quality among and within companies is to establish a set of closely monitored procedures to be followed by all. The focus on the ISO 9000 and ISO 9001 standard is not on manufactured products, but the process implemented to achieve that product. By certifying a manufacturing and documentation process with the Geneva based International Organization for Standardization, registered companies have realized a dramatic decline in customer complaints and significant reductions in operating costs. This is due to the required certification process. By successfully completing the ISO 9000-registration process, companies can identify and correct processes that are costly and unproductive. This is simply good for business. Additionally, ISO 9000 registered companies, critical of their ISO registered product, demand that their suppliers be ISO 9000 registered. The ISO 9000 series consist of five standards that fall into two categories. The five standards are ISO 9000-1, ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003, and ISO 9000-4. The two categories provide for contractual situations and non-contractual situations. Contractual elements (ISO 9001, ISO 9002, and IO 9003) have been developed for external quality assurance. Meeting these standards indicate to a customer that a company's quality assurance program is capable of providing a quality product or service. Non-contractual elements, ISO 9000-1 and ISO 9004-1, used as guidance standards, have been developed to assure quality management. ISO 9001, the most extensive of the ISO 9000 series, are directed towards quality system requirements of the organization. ISO 9001 encompass all of the elements listed in ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. This standard contains twenty clauses that address issues such as management responsibility, process control, and corrective and preventative actions. These clauses are designed to promote conformity of processes such as design, production, and servicing by striving towards the goal of total quality management. ISO 9000-1 addresses quality management and quality assurance standards. This document defines the primary concept of the series such as principal objectives and responsibilities, the process of an organization, and the roles of documentation. This document also provides a definition of terminology and provides guidance needed for all ISO 9000 series issues. ISO 9004-1 addresses internal procedures such as organizational goals, management responsibilities, training, and servicing. As in the ISO 9001 series, this series also contains twenty clauses. This is also the standard, which provides for the most misunderstandings. It is important that companies completing the certification process understand the relationship of this standard to the other ISO 9000 family standards. Clauses within the ISO 9004-1 standard provide the foundation for completing certain ISO 9001 requirements. The purpose of proper documentation is not to create enormous amounts of paper, but to assist the company in its undertaking of implementing ISO 9000 standards. Implementing any project of magnitude requires a formal project plan. The minimum topics that should be covered in a project plan are project definition, structure, responsibilities, results and analysis, schedules, required resources, and constraints. Once these requirements are defined, the process of implementation can begin. Systematically categorizing and adherence to the project plan are necessary. It is important to remember that this documentation will be scrutinized during the certification process. Documentation procedures are a critical element of the management process. They should be used to provide information such as reference points, definitions of responsibilities and authorities, and the identification of errors and resolutions. Adequate documentation such as this will provide a reference, and if followed correctly will lead to further

Gang Affiliation essays

Gang Affiliation essays Gang affiliation has been an ongoing insure though out the entire world as far back as the world remembers. The Federal Bureau of Prisons states that, Some suggest they first emerged following the Mexican migration to the Southwest after the Mexican Revolution in 1813. Gangs appear to have spread in New England in the early 1800s as the Industrial Revolution gained momentum in the first large cities in the United States: New York, Boston, and Philadelphia (Gaes. 2001). There are many issues that come about from gangs and its affecting our youth at younger ages as more juveniles turn towards the acceptance of groups in order to fulfill security, pride, and want to fit in with the ones who surround them. The delinquency rate of children is increasing rapidly and with the pressure from social demands some of our youth are turning to gang affiliation as a way of life. Our prison rates have never been higher, which also includes the juvenile system that includes some of the most gang interaction we see. The Federal Bureau of Prisons also states that, Administrators in detention centers and training schools were asked to estimate the proportion of confined juveniles who had problems in particular areas, including gang involvement. In both the detention center and training, school populations, facility administrators estimated that about 40 percent of the confined youth were involved in gangs. (Gaes. 2001) Juvenile delinquents placed in incarceration not only want to finish their time, but try their hardest to achieve this without being under attack of other inmates. One major way they feel they can stay out of harms way is to join a gang for protection and security. These groups will take on problems together and give individuals a sense of higher being protected from the common problems faced within incarceration. Many consider the existence in incarceration is based on prison ...

Is Iran a threat to the U.S Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Iran a threat to the U.S - Research Paper Example Iran’s military also plans for a three-stage missile capable to hit targets some 3700 km away4. Despite Iran’s repeated assurances that its nuclear program is for purely peaceful purposes, the West and Israel believe that the Islamic Republic is striving to obtain a nuclear weapon, which is more or less substantiated by the latest IAEA’s report on the issue5. Alternatively, Iran doesn’t pose any serious threat to the United States because of the reasons below: Iran’s economy is suffering heavy blows with the country’s oil revenues being dramatically slashed and other trade disrupted due to the international sanctions6. This would eventually hamper both the country’s geopolitical ambitions and military programs; The expansion of the Iranian ballistic missile arsenal, along with both space and nuclear programs, will drain the country’s resources sooner or later; The military capabilities of United States overwhelmingly exceed even the most unbridled wishes of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards; Iran has recently declared that welcomes a US offer of bilateral nuclear talks. With all the ambiguity of the possible outcome, such talks have the potential for a certain reconciliation7; The so-called Arab spring, or its after effects, whatever the case might be, would eventually reach the Islamic Republic. Weighing the Pros and Cons The US-Iran relations have gone from bad to worse ever since the Shah’s fall from power in 19798. The hostage crisis, which lasted for 444 days, along with the American support for Saddam Hussein and the number of armed incidents involving US and Iranian air and naval units during the Iran-Iraq war, brought about a deep crisis in the bilateral relations9. The first Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, had demonized the US as the â€Å"Great Satan† in 1979, which image was projected across the Middle East and beyond, as well as deeply embedded in anti-American rhetoric10. Not surprisingly therefore, Hezbollah’s leader Nasrallah stated in 2002 - one year after 9/11 – that â€Å"our hostility to the Great Satan is absolute†11. Accordingly, Iran was placed on the list of rogue states, alongside Cuba, Burma, North Korea, etc., and was designated by the President George W. Bush as one of the countries that constitute the â€Å"Axis of Evil†12. The current Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, is renowned for his animosity to the US13, and if his power and the survival of the Islamic theocracy are in danger, he would not hesitate to order strikes against US targets within the operational range of the Iranian ballistic missiles, including military and civilian installations, as well as against key American allies, most notably Israel. The anti-Semitic and anti-American rhetoric of the incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad also implies such a possibility, although the real clout in Iran belongs to Ayatollah Khamenei and the circle around him. What makes the situation particularly precarious, however, is the fact that

Tax Accounting Questions. Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tax Accounting Questions. Assignments - Essay Example For example, the collection of fees in advance will be recorded in GAAP when it earned while according to tax accounting it will be considered as rent taxable income automatically. Another example is the recording of depreciation of fixed assets. Under the GAAP it asset will depreciated using different methods such as straight-line while under the tax accounting only one method is allowed known as MACRS. Under both the depreciation methods, the effect is on the net income. The difference resulting from both the accounting methods may cause differed tax assets or liabilities which can be transferred from one accounting period to the other depending on the financial situation of the company. Another difference between GAAP and tax accounting is the recognition of other revenues or items. For example, the revenue earned from municipal bonds is recognized as interest earned in GAAP whereas such revenues are exempt from federal taxes accounting. The filing status depends on an individual’s marital status and his/her family situation. There are five possible filing statuses. These are married filing jointly, surviving spouse, head of household, single, and married filing separately. Although there are five filing statuses, only four rate schedules or tax tables are used because surviving spouse and married filing jointly usually use the same rate. The characteristics that distinguish each of the filing statuses are based on four factors which also determine how much tax rate is applied to each of them. These factors are maintenance of household, having any dependents, marital status, and citizenship. The characteristic of a surviving spouse is that he/she has to maintain a household, have dependents such as a daughter or a son, the marital status remains the same for atleast two years and is a citizen. The tax rate is that same as that of

The expert system

The expert system Abstract The title for this report is Expert System. Statistically, the percentage of current organizations implementing expert systems for their usage is very minimal. This is due to the restraining forces of implementing expert system outweigh its driving force. Yet, as the technologies are frequently being upgraded, the constraints of implementing expert systems are getting easier to overcome. Hence, the reason I chose this title for my report is due to my strong interest in the future of expert system where it may potentially be used domestically for providing the best solutions for complex problems. Also, the knowledge gained from this research will contribute a lot for my final year project which will include in a simple expert system. This report will be explaining what an expert system is, the components of expert system, what a knowledge-based expert system is, the features of expert system, the advantages of using expert system, the drawbacks of using expert system and finally suggestions of implementing expert system into e-commerce systems. In the appendix part, the pictures which I have found from the Internet will be included in for providing better understanding regarding the details of expert system. What is Expert System? According to Wikipedia, an expert system is an advanced computer application that is implemented for the purpose of providing solutions to complex problems, or to clarify uncertainties through the use of non-algorithmic programs where normally human expertise will be needed. Expert systems are most common in complex problem domain and are considered as widely used alternatives in searching for solutions that requires the existence of specific human expertise. The expert system is also able to justify its provided solutions based on the knowledge and data from past users. Normally expert systems are used in making business marketing strategic decisions, analyzing the performance of real time systems, configuring computers and perform many other functions which normally would require the existence of human expertise. The difference between an expert system with a normal problem-solving system is that the latter is a system where both programs and data structures are encoded, while for expert system only the data structures are hard-coded and no problem-specific information is encoded in the program structure. Instead, the knowledge of a human expertise is captured and codified in a process known as knowledge engineering. Hence, whenever a particular problem requires the assistance of a certain human expertise to provide a solution, the human expertise which has been codified will be used and processed in order to provide a rational and logical solution. This knowledge-based expert system enables the system to be frequently added with new knowledge and adapt accordingly to meet new requirements from the ever-changing and unpredictable environment. Components of Expert System An expert system has many core system components to function and interfaces with individuals of various roles. In the appendix area, there will be a diagram (Figure 1.1) displaying expert system components and human interfaces. The major components are: Knowledge base a set of rules as representation of the expertise, mostly in IF THEN statements. Working storage the data which is specific to a problem being solved. Inference engine the code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working storage. User interface the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system. There are certain major roles of individuals who interact with the expert system to fully exploit its functionality and capability. They are the: Domain expert the individual or individuals whose expertises are solving the problems the system is intended to solve; Knowledge engineer the individual who encodes the experts knowledge in a form that can be used by the expert system; User the individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided by the expert. Majority of the expert systems are built with expert system shells which contains an inference engine and user interface. The shell will be used by a knowledge engineer to build a system catered for specific problem domain. Sometimes expert systems are also built with custom developed shells for certain applications. In this scenario, there will be another additional individual System engineer the individual who builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine. Depending on the size of the project, the knowledge engineer and the system engineer might be the same person. For a custom built system, the design of the format of the knowledge base and the coding of the domain knowledge are closely related. The format has a significant effect on the coding of the knowledge. One of the major hurdles to overcome in building expert systems is the knowledge engineering process. The process of the codifying the expertise into a required rule format can be a challenging and tedious task. One major advantage of a customized shell is that the format of the knowledge base can be designed to facilitate the knowledge engineering process. Since the major challenge in expert system development is the building of the knowledge base, it is encouraged that gap and difference between the experts representation of the knowledge and the representation in the knowledge base should be minimized. With a customized system, the system engineer can implement a knowledge base whose structures are as close as possible to those used by the domain expert. Knowledge-based Expert Systems Not all expert systems have learning components to adapt in new environments or to meet new requirements. But a common element each expert system possesses is that once the system is fully developed it will be tested and be proven by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation, typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information system. Although reference books are able to provide a tremendous amount of knowledge, users have to read, comprehend and interpret the knowledge for it to be used. Conventional computer programs are built to perform functions using conventional decision-making logic having only little knowledge along with the basic algorithm for performing the specific functions and fulfill the necessary boundary conditions. The so-called knowledgebase was created in purpose of utilizing some knowledge representation formalism to capture and store the Subject Matter Experts (SME) knowledge. The process includes gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it according to a standardized format. Knowledge-based expert systems collect the small segments of human knowledge and combined into a set of knowledge-base which is used to aid in solving a complex problem. Any other problem that is within the range and domain of the knowledge-base can also be solved using the same program without reprogramming. Knowledge-based expert systems solve problems which normally require human intelligence. These said expert systems represent the expertise knowledge as data or rules within a system. These rules and data can be used and called upon for reference when needed to solve complex problems. When compared to conventional programming, the system has the ability to reason the process with explanations by back-traces and calculate the levels of confidence and deal with uncertainty. The knowledge has to be codified into programming code, hence as the knowledge changes, the program has to be changed accordingly as well and then rebuilt. Expert System Features There are a number of features which are commonly used in expert systems. These features allows the users to fully utilize the expert systems capability conveniently in providing the most logical and reasonable decision in a problematic situation. Backward chaining an inference technique which continuously break a goal into smaller sub-goals which are easier to prove via IF THEN rules Dealing with uncertainties the system has the capability to handle and reason with conditions that are uncertain and data which are not precisely known Forward chaining an inference technique which deduce a problem solution from initial data via IF THEN rules Data representation the method where the specific problem data is stored and accessed in the system User interface that portion of the code which creates an easy to use system; Explanations the ability of the system to explain the reasoning process that it used to reach a recommendation. Inference rule An inference rule is a statement that has two parts, antecedent which is an if clause and consequent which is a then clause. This rule is what the expert systems rely on and provides the capability to find solutions to diagnose and prescribe problems. An example of an inference rule is: If the song choice is in Latin, and the singers are in a group, Then the song choice is definitely from Il Divo. An expert systems rule base stores many inference rules such as this. They are stored in as separate rules and the inference engine will draw conclusions by going through all of them. Rules can be removed and added without affecting others since they are non-connected, yet it will subsequently affect which conclusions are to be reached. Inference rules has the better upper hand compared with traditional programming due to the fact that inference rules are able to imitate human reasoning and justify the solutions given. Thus, when a conclusion is drawn, the system is able to justify its course of solution and convince the user. Furthermore, since the expert system uses knowledge in a form identical to a certain expert, the solution provided will be not so different from an actual experts advice. Chaining When using inference rules, two main methods of reasoning used are backward chaining and forward chaining. Forward Chaining Forward chaining begins under the condition that the data is available and inference rules are used to conclude more data until a desired goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one in which the if clause is known to be true. It then concludes the then clause and adds this information to its data. It would continue to do this until a goal is reached. Due to the reason that the data available determines which inference rules are used, this method is also called data driven. A large number of expert systems require the use of forward chaining. The data driven approach is practical when combinatorial explosion creates a seemingly infinite number of possible right answers where no definite answer is specified. Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses inference rules to extract more data until a goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one where the antecedent (If clause) is known to be true. When found it can conclude, the consequent (Then clause), resulting in the addition of new information to its data. Inference engines will iterate through this process until a goal is reached. For example, suppose that the goal is to conclude the color of a pet named Fritz, given that he croaks and eats flies, and that the rule base contains the following four rules: If X croaks and eats flies Then X is a frog If X chirps and sings Then X is a canary If X is a frog Then X is green If X is a canary Then X is yellow This rule base would be searched and the first rule would be selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz croaks and eats flies) matches our data. Now the consequents (Then X is a frog) is added to the data. The rule base is again searched and this time the third rule is selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz is a frog) matches our data that was just confirmed. Now the new consequent (Then Fritz is green) is added to our data. Nothing more can be inferred from this information, but we have now accomplished our goal of determining the color of Fritz. Due to the fact that the data determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called data-driven, in contrast to goal-driven backward chaining inference. One of the advantages of forward-chaining over backward-chaining is that the reception of new data can trigger new inferences, which makes the engine better suited to dynamic situations in which conditions are likely to change. Backward Chaining Backward chaining starts with a list of goals or hypothesis and works backwards from the consequent (Then clause) to the antecedent (If clause) to see if there is data available that will support any of these consequents. An inference engine using backward chaining would search the inference rules until it finds one which has a consequent that matches a desired goal. If the antecedent of that rule is not known to be true, then it is added to the list of goals. In order for ones goal to be confirmed one must also provide data that confirms this new rule. An example of a system that uses backward chaining will be Google search engine. The aim of the system is to pick the best choice from many enumerated possibilities. For example, an identification problem falls in this category. Diagnostic systems also fit this model, since the aim of the system is to pick the correct diagnosis. The knowledge is structured in rules which describe how each of the possibilities might be selected. The rule breaks the problem into sub-problems. For example, the following top level rules are in a system which identifies birds. IF family is albatross and color is white THEN bird is laysan albatross. IF family is albatross and color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross. The system would try all of the rules which gave information satisfying the goal of identifying the bird. Each would trigger sub-goals. In the case of these two rules, the sub-goals of determining the family and the color would be pursued. The following rule is one that satisfies the family sub-goal: IF order is tubenose and size large and wings long narrow THEN family is albatross. The sub-goals of determining color, size, and wings would be satisfied by asking the user. By having the lowest level sub-goal satisfied or denied by the user, the system effectively carries on a dialog with the user. The user sees the system asking questions and responding to answers as it attempts to find the rule which correctly identifies the bird. Note that the goals always match the affirmed versions of the consequents of implications and even then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals which ultimately must match known facts which are usually defined as consequents whose antecedents are always true. Due to the reason that the list of goals determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called goal-driven, in contrast to data-driven forward-chaining inference. The backward chaining approach is often employed by expert systems. For a data driven system, the system must be initially populated with data, in contrast to the goal driven system which gathers data as it needs it. Figure 1.2 illustrates the difference between forward and backward chaining systems for two simplified rules. The forward chaining system starts with the data of a=1 and b=2 and uses the rules to derive d=4. The backward chaining system starts with the goal of finding a value for d and uses the two rules to reduce that to the problem of finding values for a and b. Uncertainty Often times in structured selection problems the final answer is not known with complete certainty. The experts rules might be vague, and the user might be unsure of answers to questions. This can be easily seen in medical diagnostic systems where the expert is not able to be definite about the relationship between symptoms and diseases. In fact, the doctor might offer multiple possible diagnoses. For expert systems to work in the real world they must also be able to deal with uncertainty. One of the simplest schemes is to associate a numeric value with each piece of information in the system. The numeric value represents the certainty with which the information is known. There are numerous ways in which these numbers can be defined, and how they are combined during the inference process. Data Representation For all rule based systems, the rules refer to data. The data representation can be simple or complex, depending on the problem. The most fundamental scheme uses attribute-value pairs. Examples are color-white, and size-large. When a system is reasoning about multiple objects, it is necessary to include the object as well as the attribute-value. For example the furniture placement system might be dealing with multiple chairs with different attributes, such as size. The data representation in this case must include the object. Once there are objects in the system, they each might have multiple attributes. This leads to a record-based structure where a single data item in working storage contains an object name and all of its associated attribute-value pairs. Frames are a more complex way of storing objects and their attribute-values. Frames add intelligence to the data representation, and allow objects to inherit values from other objects. Furthermore, each of the attributes can have associated with it procedures (called demons) which are executed when the attribute is asked for, or updated. In a furniture placement system each piece of furniture can inherit default values for length. When the piece is placed, demons are activated which automatically adjust the available space where the item was placed. User Interface The acceptability of an expert system depends to a great extent on the quality of the user interface. The easiest to implement interfaces communicate with the user through a scrolling dialog as illustrated in figure 1.4. The user can enter commands, and respond to questions. The system responds to commands, and asks questions during the inferencing process. More advanced interfaces make heavy use of pop-up menus, windows, mice, and similar techniques as shown in figure 1.5. If the machine supports it, graphics can also be a powerful tool for communicating with the user. This is especially true for the development interface which is used by the knowledge engineer in building the system. Providing Explanations One of the more interesting features of expert systems is their ability to explain themselves. Given that the system knows which rules were used during the inference process, it is possible for the system to provide those rules to the user as a means for explaining the results. This type of explanation can be very dramatic for some systems such as the bird identification system. It could report that it knew the bird was a black footed albatross because it knew it was dark colored and an albatross. It could similarly justify how it knew it was an albatross. At other times, however, the explanations are relatively useless to the user. This is because the rules of an expert system typically represent empirical knowledge, and not a deep understanding of the problem domain. For example a car diagnostic system has rules which relate symptoms to problems, but no rules which describe why those symptoms are related to those problems. Explanations are always of extreme value to the knowledge engineer. They are the program traces for knowledge bases. By looking at explanations the knowledge engineer can see how the system is behaving, and how the rules and data are interacting. This is an invaluable diagnostic tool during development. Why Use Expert System? In this section, the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the expert systems are provided. Then, the pros and cons will be reviewed according to my viewpoint and I will conclude as to why expert system SHOULD be implemented as a wiser alternative in obtaining the best solutions in overcoming complex problems. The Advantages of Using Expert System Expert system has been reliably used in the business world to gain tactical advantages and forecast the markets condition. In this globalization era where every decision made in the business world is critical for success, the assistance provided from an expert system is undoubtedly essential and highly reliable for an organization to succeed. Examples given below will be the advantages for the implementation of an expert system: Providing consistent solutions It can provide consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks. As long as the rule base in the system remains the same, regardless of how many times similar problems are being tested, the final conclusions drawn will remain the same. Provides reasonable explanations It has the ability to clarify the reasons why the conclusion was drawn and be why it is considered as the most logical choice among other alternatives. If there are any doubts in concluding a certain problem, it will prompt some questions for users to answer in order to process the logical conclusion. Overcome human limitations It does not have human limitations and can work around the clock continuously. Users will be able to frequently use it in seeking solutions. The knowledge of experts is an invaluable asset for the company. It can store the knowledge and use it as long as the organization needs. Easy to adapt to new conditions Unlike humans who often have troubles in adapting in new environments, an expert system has high adaptability and can meet new requirements in a short period of time. It also can capture new knowledge from an expert and use it as inference rules to solve new problems. The Disadvantages of Using Expert System Although the expert system does provide many significant advantages, it does have its drawbacks as well. Examples given below will be the disadvantages for the implementation of an expert system: Lacks common sense It lacks common sense needed in some decision making since all the decisions made are based on the inference rules set in the system. It also cannot make creative and innovative responses as human experts would in unusual circumstances. High implementation and maintenance cost The implementation of an expert system will be a financial burden for smaller organizations since it has high development cost as well as the subsequent recurring costs to upgrade the system to adapt in new environment. Difficulty in creating inference rules Domain experts will not be able to always explain their logic and reasoning needed for the knowledge engineering process. Hence, the task of codifying out the knowledge is highly complex and may require high May provide wrong solutions It is not error-free. There may be errors occurred in the processing due to some logic mistakes made in the knowledge base, which it will then provide the wrong solutions. Summary It is entirely subjective as to whether the advantages of expert system overweigh the disadvantages of implementing it. It depends on the organizations viewpoint as to which objectives have the higher priority, whether in cutting cost or in producing a higher quality decision-making. However, in my opinion, the implementation of expert system is critical in providing the better service towards customers as well as possessing the competitive advantages over strong competitors. Cutting Cost VS Better Quality of Services If an organization is financially stable, the expert system is worth spending money and resources on, based on its fame and history of delivering many positive results. Though some organizations may have the cost-cutting objective as the top priority, if a wrong decision is made, it could lead to heavier financial loss. Adding insult to injury, the organizations reputation will be tarnished and customers may lose confidence towards the services of the organization. Expert System VS Human Experts Another main constraint of implementing the expert system would be the process of capturing the knowledge and codifying it into the system. However, an expert will not be available to provide his expertise around the clock. Hence, the importance of having the knowledge available all the time for critical decision-making far overweighs the difficulty that the organization will face in capturing the said knowledge. Humans also have limitations as to how much knowledge a human is able to digest and comprehend. As for expert system, it is able to store as much knowledge as possible base on its storage space. Hence, in terms of performance, expert system is capable to perform as good if not better then human. Implementing Expert System into e-Commerce System It has yet to be common for e-commerce systems to be implementing expert system to enhance its capability and experience for web users. There are still not many web developers willing to embed an expert system into their e-commerce system, mainly due to its difficulty in the knowledge engineering process to codify the human expertise. Yet, it is plausible to have a less complex expert system embedded in an e-commerce system to aid customers make decisions. The appropriate inference technique to be used in an e-commerce system will be forward chaining method, since customers will be providing part by part of data which will then be compared with the rule base to finally draw a conclusion. Providing questionnaires Through forward chaining method, the properly organized questionnaires will be able to obtain parts of small information from customers who couldnt make their decision upon which item to be bought. Every single question will have its purpose in determining the condition of the customers thoughts and liking, and then the answer provided will be compared with the rule base in the expert system to draw a final conclusion. This data-driven method is simple and productive since the process of codifying the human expertise of recommending an item that suits the customers liking isnt that complex. Example of Questionnaire The questionnaire below is used for the purpose of attaining small parts of information from the customer and the answers provided will be compared to the rule base in order to generate a decision for him Question 1 What is your budget range? (Determining the range of performance from the desktop) A. < RM 2000 B. lt RM 3000 C. > RM 5000 Inference Rules If X budget is less than RM2000 Then X needs no NVIDIA graphic card If X budget is less than RM3000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) If X budget is more than RM5000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories Note: If user chose < RM 2000 Question 2 will be skipped. Question 2 What are the games you mostly play? (Determining the graphic card requirements) A. Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG) B. First-Person-Shooting (FPS) C. All Inference Rules If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260 If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260 and High Resolution Monitor If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600 If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600 and Gaming Laser Mouse Question 3 How frequent do you download files such as songs and movies from the internet? (Determining the needed storage space) A. Seldom B. Often Inference Rules If X seldom download files Then X needs 320GB storage space If X often download files Then X needs 500GB storage space Providing Explanations Based on the questionnaire above, if a customer selects C, B, and B, the explanation will be given: The user selects NVIDIA GT 9600, Gaming Laser Mouse and 500 GB storage space. User plays First-Person-Shooting games which require middle-performance of graphic card and a gaming laser mouse to increase precision of mouse-controlling. User often downloads files and requires large storage space. If a customer selects C, A, and A, the explanation will be given: The user selects NVIDIA GTX 260, High Resolution Monitor and 320GB storage space. User plays MMORPG which require high-performance of graphic card and a high resolution monitor to enhance the gaming experience. User seldom downloads files and requires moderate storage space. Conclusion To conclude this report, expert system is undeniably reliable in terms of providing reasonable and highly valuable decisions. Knowledge and experiences from a human expert can lead to the critical decision-making in achieving success. Yet, as humans have limitations in terms of how much of knowledge is comprehendible by a person and the possible fatigue of dealing with too much work, the expert system doesnt have any. As knowledge is a valuable asset to an organization, retaining the experts knowledge is critical for the future of the organization. The expert system can play a vital role in storing and retaining the knowledge from a human expert. This saves the trouble of having the need to hire experts within the same domain for years. The rapid change and improvement of technologies will gradually decrease the cost for implementing an expert system. This will significantly reduce the financial burden for small companies in deciding the implementation of expert system. In the business world, organizations often faced trouble in making tough decisions and overcome complex problems. Customers often require computerized systems to support their decision-making. All these criteria can be met with the implementation of the expert system.

Metabolic Control Analysis(MCA) Essay -- Science Biochemistry

Introduction: In 1970s, a new method called (Metabolic Control Analysis) for analysing the distribution control of the flows and medium concentrations in the metabolic path between different enzymes that form the corridor, was developed by Henrik Kacser and other scientists. Since then, attention was paid to more research in this method and its applications, and developing analytical and educational tools (Wildermuth, 2000). In the flowing literature review, some examples of the significance of Metabolic Control Analysis, pros and cons will be discussed. Literature review: At first glance, engineering a metabolic system with aim of raising metabolite's yield or flux during a metabolic pathway system, could be done through the method of identifying and controlling, which called rate-limiting-steps. Rate-limiting steps is a certain steps in the paths that exercising the most control over the whole system. Though the good features of this method, the majority of experiments that were tried using that method to increase the pathway fluxes ended up with failure (Walker and Raply, 2009). In fact, the control of the system as a whole is distributed across the system’s components much more than esteemed. This area of distributed is a part of sensitivity analysis, which offered lots of applications for many engineering specializations and for economics as well. According to (Walker and Raply, 2009 ; Gunawardena, 2002), metabolic control analysis (MCA), was developed in 1973 in Edinburgh, by Henrik Kacser and Jim Burns, and, autonomously in Berlin in1974, by Reinhart Heinrich and Tom Rapaport through application of the general concept of sensitivity analysis, to provide a precise quantitative basis to determ... ... control and regulation. However, it is a good point to start for improving access to a deeper understanding better than what can be given by qualitative of conventional biochemistry. Works Cited Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the Control of Metabolism. London: Portland Press. Walker, J., & Raply, R. (2009). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Wildermuth, M. C. (2000). Minireview Metabolic control analysis: biological applications and insights. Genome Biology, 1(6). Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://genomebiology.com/2000/1/6/reviews/1031 Gunawardena, J. (n.d.). Notes on Metabolic Control Analysis. Papers and Presentations from the Virtual Cell Program. Home of the Virtual Cell Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://vcp.med.harvard.edu/papers.htm

George Stubbs

George Stubbs was born in Liverpool on August 25, 1724. He worked for his dad until 16 when his dad passed away. Then he was briefly apprenticed to a painter and a engraver, which is where he began learning about art. Since then, as an artist he was self-taught. In the 1740s he worked as a portrait painter in the North of England. Ever since he was a child he also had an interest in anatomy. He studied human anatomy for six years at York County Hospital. All of these things mentioned helped George Stubbs build up to his highest potential. Later in the 1750s he rented a farmhouse and stayed there for 18 months. There he spent time dissecting horses to learn all about their bodies. In 1766 he published, The anatomy of the Horse. The original drawings are now in the collection of the Royal Academy. Even before the printing of his book, patrons recognized that his work was better than earlier horse painters. In 1759 the 3rd Duke of Richmond commissioned three large pictures from him, and his career was now secure. He had soon produced art for many more dukes and lords and was able to buy a house in Marylebone, a fancy part of London. His most famous work is the Whistlejacket, a painting of a prancing horse. In the 760s he made a large range of single and group portraits of horses, sometimes with hounds. He often painted horses with their grooms. He also continued to accept commissions for portraits and group portraits of people. George Stubbs also painted more exotic animals, including lions, tigers, giraffes, monkeys, and rhinoceroses. The last painting George Stubbs was working on was a comp arative piece of art. It had the structure of the human body with a tiger, and a common bird. George Stubbs never finished this project. He died on July 10th 1806 in London. Overall, George Stubbs was a great artist and he set the basis for painting animals.

How to Use Faire and Rendre in French

If youre making something and want to say so in French, which verb do you use, faire  or rendre? This is more complicated than it may seem, because to make can be translated into French in a number of ways. These two verbs are the most common and each has rules governing when and how to use them.   General Usage If youre speaking about making something in a very general sense, then you should use  faire. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je fais un gà ¢teauIm making a cakeFais ton litMake your bedIl a fait une erreurHe made a mistake The same rule applies when implying causality:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela  ma  fait  penserThat made me thinkIl me  fait  faire  la  vaisselleHes making me do the dishesTo make in the sense of producing something is fabriquer, while in the sense of building its construire. To talk about forcing someone to do something (e.g., Make me!), use obliger or forcer. Special Cases Things get a little more complicated if you are describing how something makes you feel. In these cases, you should use  faire when its followed by a noun in French, and rendre when its followed by an adjective. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela me fait malThat makes me feel pain. That hurts (me).Tu me fais honte !You make me feel so ashamed!Cette pensà ©e fait peurThat thought makes me scared. Its a frightening thought.   Ã‚  Cela me rend heureuxThat makes me happy.Le poisson ma rendu maladeThe fish made me sick.Cest à   te rendre fouIts enough to make/drive you crazy. There are some exceptions, of course. For the following nouns, you need to use the verb donner:   Ã‚  donner soif à   quelquunto make someone thirstydonner faim à   quelquunto make someone hungrydonner froid à   quelquunto make someone (feel) colddonner chaud à   quelquunto make someone (feel) hotBecause all of the above are adjectives in English, you might have a little trouble deciding if the French word is a noun or an adjective. The solution is to think about which French verb it needs to mean to be. Nouns need avoir (avoir mal, avoir soif) while adjectives need à ªtre (à ªtre heureux, à ªtre malade). Other Verbs Many expressions that include to make in English are translated by completely different verbs in French: to make angry fà ¢cher to make an appointment donner/prendre rendez-vous to make believe (pretend) faire semblant to make a decision prendre une dà ©cision to make do se dà ©brouiller to make friends/enemies se faire des amis/ennemis to make the grade y arriver to make (someone) late mettre quelqu'un en retard to make a meal prà ©parer un rà ©pas to make money gagner de l'argent to make sure s'assurer, và ©rifier to make tired fatiguer to make up (invent) inventer, fabriquer(after a fight) se rà ©concilier(with cosmetics) se maquiller